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  1. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of the Learning Sciences - ICLS 2022)
    Chinn, C.; Tan, E.; Chao, C.; Kali, Y. (Ed.)
    Learners’ choices as to whether and how to use visual representations during learning are an important yet understudied aspect of self-regulated learning. To gain insight, we developed a choice-based intelligent tutor in which students can choose whether and when to use diagrams to aid their problem solving in algebra. In an exploratory classroom study with 26 students, we investigated how learners choose diagrams and how their choice behaviors relate to learning outcomes. Students who proactively chose to use diagrams achieved higher learning outcomes than those who reactively used diagrams when they made incorrect attempts. This study contributes to understanding of self-regulated use of visual representations during problem solving. 
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